Returns range of summary measures of the forecast accuracy. If x is provided, the function measures test set forecast accuracy based on x-f. If x is not provided, the function only produces training set accuracy measures of the forecasts based on f["x"]-fitted(f). All measures are defined and discussed in Hyndman and Koehler (2006).

accuracy(object, ...)

# S3 method for default
accuracy(object, x, test = NULL, d = NULL, D = NULL, f = NULL, ...)

## Arguments

object An object of class “forecast”, or a numerical vector containing forecasts. It will also work with Arima, ets and lm objects if x is omitted -- in which case training set accuracy measures are returned. Additional arguments depending on the specific method. An optional numerical vector containing actual values of the same length as object, or a time series overlapping with the times of f. Indicator of which elements of x and f to test. If test is NULL, all elements are used. Otherwise test is a numeric vector containing the indices of the elements to use in the test. An integer indicating the number of lag-1 differences to be used for the denominator in MASE calculation. Default value is 1 for non-seasonal series and 0 for seasonal series. An integer indicating the number of seasonal differences to be used for the denominator in MASE calculation. Default value is 0 for non-seasonal series and 1 for seasonal series. Deprecated. Please use object instead.

## Value

Matrix giving forecast accuracy measures.

## Details

The measures calculated are:

• ME: Mean Error

• RMSE: Root Mean Squared Error

• MAE: Mean Absolute Error

• MPE: Mean Percentage Error

• MAPE: Mean Absolute Percentage Error

• MASE: Mean Absolute Scaled Error

• ACF1: Autocorrelation of errors at lag 1.

By default, the MASE calculation is scaled using MAE of training set naive forecasts for non-seasonal time series, training set seasonal naive forecasts for seasonal time series and training set mean forecasts for non-time series data. If f is a numerical vector rather than a forecast object, the MASE will not be returned as the training data will not be available.

See Hyndman and Koehler (2006) and Hyndman and Athanasopoulos (2014, Section 2.5) for further details.

## References

Hyndman, R.J. and Koehler, A.B. (2006) "Another look at measures of forecast accuracy". International Journal of Forecasting, 22(4), 679-688. Hyndman, R.J. and Athanasopoulos, G. (2018) "Forecasting: principles and practice", 2nd ed., OTexts, Melbourne, Australia. Section 3.4 "Evaluating forecast accuracy". https://otexts.com/fpp2/accuracy.html.

Rob J Hyndman

## Examples


fit1 <- rwf(EuStockMarkets[1:200, 1], h = 100)
fit2 <- meanf(EuStockMarkets[1:200, 1], h = 100)
accuracy(fit1)
#>                     ME    RMSE      MAE        MPE      MAPE MASE         ACF1
#> Training set 0.4393467 15.8461 8.959648 0.02128535 0.5533582    1 -0.007760885accuracy(fit2)
#>                       ME     RMSE      MAE        MPE     MAPE MASE
#> Training set 6.24991e-14 57.83723 46.98108 -0.1240662 2.865357    1accuracy(fit1, EuStockMarkets[201:300, 1])
#>                     ME    RMSE       MAE         MPE      MAPE    MASE
#> Training set 0.4393467 15.8461  8.959648  0.02128535 0.5533582 1.00000
#> Test set     0.8900000 78.1811 63.311200 -0.16763307 3.7897316 7.06626
#>                      ACF1
#> Training set -0.007760885
#> Test set               NAaccuracy(fit2, EuStockMarkets[201:300, 1])
#>                        ME      RMSE       MAE        MPE     MAPE     MASE
#> Training set 6.249910e-14  57.83723  46.98108 -0.1240662 2.865357 1.000000
#> Test set     8.429485e+01 114.96571 105.65361  4.7004265 6.075968 2.248855plot(fit1)
lines(EuStockMarkets[1:300, 1])